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The Battle of Bad Axe, also known as the Bad Axe Massacre, occurred 1–2 August 1832, between Sauk (Sac) and Fox Indians and United States Army regulars and militia. This final battle of the Black Hawk War took place near present-day Victory, Wisconsin in the United States. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in Illinois and Michigan Territory, and the Sauk and Fox tribes under warrior Black Hawk. The battle occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, as Black Hawk's band fled the pursuing militia. The militia caught up with them on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. The battle that followed was very one-sided: historians have called it a massacre since the 1850s. The fighting took place over two days, with the steamboat ''Warrior'' present on both days. By the second day, Black Hawk and most of the Native American leaders had fled, though many of the band stayed behind. The victory for the United States was decisive and the end of the war allowed much of Illinois and present-day Wisconsin to be opened for further settlement. == Background == In an 1804 treaty between the governor of Indiana Territory and a council of leaders from the Sauk and Fox, Native American tribes ceded of their land to the United States for $2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $1,000.〔〔 The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold.〔 The treaty was controversial; Sauk war leader Black Hawk, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land.〔 After the discovery of lead in and around Galena, Illinois, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829, they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the Mississippi River.〔"(Apple River Fort )", ''Historic Sites'', Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2008.〕 Angered by the loss of his birthplace, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River into Illinois between 1830 and 1831, but each time was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois.〔Lewis, James. "(The Black Hawk War of 1832 )", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C. Retrieved 1 August 2007.〕 Finding no allies, he attempted to return across the Mississippi to present-day Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois Militia's actions led to Black Hawk's surprising victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run.〔"(14 May: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run )", ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War'', Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 6 August 2007.〕 A number of other engagements followed, and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state of Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. The period between the Battle of Stillman's Run in May and the raid at Sinsinawa Mound in late June was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds, and the war's most famous incident, the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832.〔"(21 May, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters )", ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War'', Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.〕 Two key battles, one at Horseshoe Bend on 16 June and the other at Waddams Grove on 18 June, played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run.〔"(James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek )", ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War'', Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.〕〔"(16 June: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica )", ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War'', Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.〕〔"(16 June: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica )", ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War'', Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.〕 The Battle of Apple River Fort on 24 June marked the end of a week that was an important turning point for the settlers. The fight was a 45-minute gun battle between defenders garrisoned inside Apple River Fort and Sauk and Fox warriors led by Chief Black Hawk.〔Harmet, A. Richard. "(Apple River Fort Site )", (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 31 March 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 27 September 2007.〕 The next day, after an inconclusive skirmish at Kellogg's Grove, Black Hawk and his band fled the approaching militia through modern-day Wisconsin. The Sinsinawa Mound raid occurred on 29 June, five days after the Battle of Apple River Fort. As the band fled the pursuing militia, they passed through what are now Beloit and Janesville, then followed the Rock River toward Horicon Marsh, where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region, near modern-day Madison.〔McCann, Dennis. "(Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on )", ''Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel'', 28 April 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.〕 On 21 July 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the Wisconsin River, near the present-day Town of Roxbury, in Dane County, Wisconsin, resulting in the Battle of Wisconsin Heights.〔〔Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed. ''(A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I )'', Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via (The State of Wisconsin Collection ), University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2 August 2007.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Bad Axe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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